Basic System of Government

The State of Kuwait is a hereditary constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of government. The Amir (Emir) of Kuwait serves as the Head of State and exercises his authority in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution, promulgated in 1962. Legislative power is shared between the Amir and the elected National Assembly, while executive authority is vested in the Amir and the Council of Ministers. The judiciary functions independently under the law.

Kuwait’s political system blends traditional Arab governance with modern constitutional principles, emphasizing consultation (shura), rule of law, and separation of powers.

The Amir

The Amir of Kuwait is the supreme leader of the country, the symbol of national unity, and the guarantor of the Constitution. He appoints the Prime Minister, approves the formation of the Council of Ministers, and ratifies laws passed by the National Assembly. The Amir also represents Kuwait in its international relations, signs treaties, and oversees defense and national security matters.

In accordance with the Constitution, succession to the throne is restricted to the descendants of Sheikh Mubarak Al-Sabah, the founder of modern Kuwait. The Crown Prince is nominated by the Amir and must be approved by the National Assembly.

Requirements to Hold Office

The Amir of Kuwait must be a Muslim of sound mind, a legitimate son of Kuwaiti Muslim parents, and a member of the Al-Sabah ruling family. The nominee must be recognized for wisdom, integrity, and capability to govern in accordance with Islamic principles and the Constitution.

Term of Office

The position of Amir is lifelong. Upon the death or resignation of the Amir, the Crown Prince automatically succeeds to the throne after receiving the National Assembly’s approval. In the event the Assembly declines the nomination, the Amir submits the name of at least three descendants of Sheikh Mubarak Al-Sabah for the Assembly to elect one by secret ballot.

Powers of the Amir

According to the Kuwaiti Constitution, the Amir:

  • Appoints the Prime Minister and accepts the resignation of the Cabinet.

  • Promulgates and ratifies laws after approval by the National Assembly.

  • Represents Kuwait internationally and ratifies treaties.

  • Commands the Armed Forces.

  • Issues decrees during times of necessity, which carry the force of law until reviewed by the National Assembly.

  • Grants pardons and commutes sentences.

The Council of Ministers (Cabinet)

The Council of Ministers is the executive authority in Kuwait and is collectively responsible for the general policy of the State. It is headed by the Prime Minister, who is appointed by the Amir. The Cabinet includes various ministers responsible for different governmental portfolios such as foreign affairs, defense, finance, education, health, and public works.

The Council drafts laws and decrees, oversees implementation of government policy, and coordinates between ministries to ensure efficient governance.

The National Assembly

The National Assembly (Majlis Al-Umma) is the legislative authority of Kuwait. It consists of 50 elected members representing Kuwait’s constituencies, in addition to the appointed ministers who serve as ex officio members. Members of the Assembly are elected for a four-year term through a general election.

The Assembly exercises legislative power, approves the national budget, questions ministers, and plays a key role in government accountability and public policy.

Ministries

Kuwait’s government comprises several ministries responsible for administering public affairs and executing state policy. Among the key ministries are:

  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs

  • Ministry of Defense

  • Ministry of Interior

  • Ministry of Finance

  • Ministry of Health

  • Ministry of Education

  • Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research

  • Ministry of Oil

  • Ministry of Electricity, Water, and Renewable Energy

  • Ministry of Public Works

  • Ministry of Justice

  • Ministry of Information

  • Ministry of Social Affairs

  • Ministry of Commerce and Industry

  • Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs

  • Ministry of Housing and Urban Development

  • Ministry of Environment and Climate Affairs

Source

State of Kuwait Constitution, 1962.
Official Portal of the State of Kuwait: www.e.gov.kw